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Getting started with AWS Athena: a comprehensive guide

AUG 25 2024   -   8 MIN READ
Sep 18, 2025
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6 MIN READ
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Modernize your cloud. Maximize business impact.

Small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) seek to derive value from their data without heavy infrastructure investment, and Amazon Athena offers a simple yet powerful solution. As a serverless query service, Athena allows teams to run SQL queries directly on data stored in Amazon S3, eliminating the need for provisioning servers, setting up databases, or managing ETL pipelines.

Many SMBs use Athena to generate fast insights from CSVs, logs, or JSON files stored in S3. For example, a healthcare provider can use Athena to analyze patient encounter records stored in S3, helping operations teams track appointment volumes, identify care gaps, or monitor billing anomalies in real time.

This guide will go deeper into how Athena works, how it integrates with AWS Glue for automated schema discovery, and how SMBs can get started quickly while keeping costs predictable and usage efficient.

Key takeaways: 

  • Run interactive SQL queries directly on Amazon S3 without managing any servers or infrastructure.
  • Only pay for the data scanned, making it cost-effective for SMBs with varying workloads.
  • Works seamlessly with AWS Glue, IAM, QuickSight, and supports multiple data formats like Parquet, JSON, and CSV.
  • Ideal for log analysis, ad-hoc queries, BI dashboards, clickstream analysis, and querying archived data.
  • Read-only access, no DML support, performance depends on partitioning and query optimization.

What is AWS Athena and why does it matter for SMBs?

What is AWS Athena and why does it matter for SMBs?

Amazon Athena is a serverless, distributed SQL query engine built on Trino (formerly Presto) that lets businesses query data directly in Amazon S3 using standard SQL, without provisioning infrastructure or building ETL pipelines.

It runs queries in parallel across partitions of business data, which drastically reduces response times even for multi-terabyte datasets. Its schema-on-read model means SMB teams can analyze raw files like CSV, JSON, or Parquet without needing to ingest or transform them first.

Key technical benefits for SMBs include:

  • Efficient querying with columnar formats: When SMBs store data in Parquet or ORC, Athena scans only the relevant columns, significantly reducing the amount of data processed and cutting query costs.
  • Tight AWS integration: Athena connects to the AWS Glue Data Catalog for automatic schema discovery, versioning, and metadata management, allowing SMBs to treat their Amazon S3 data lake like a structured database.
  • Federated query support: SMB teams can run SQL queries across other AWS services (e.g., DynamoDB, Redshift) and external sources (e.g., MySQL, BigQuery) using connectors through AWS Lambda, enabling cross-source analytics without centralizing all their data.
  • Security and compliance: Access is controlled via IAM, and all data in transit and at rest can be encrypted. Athena logs queries and results to CloudTrail and CloudWatch, helping regulated industries meet audit requirements.

Example: A diagnostics lab stores lab results in Parquet files on Amazon S3. With Amazon Athena + AWS Glue, they create a unified SQL-accessible view without loading data into a database. Analysts query test volume by region, check turnaround time patterns, and even flag anomalies, all with no infrastructure or long reporting delays.

The bottom line? Amazon Athena gives SMBs the power of big data analytics—on-demand, with no overhead—making it ideal for lean teams that need insights fast without building a data warehouse.

struggling with slow data pipeline

How to get started with AWS Athena? step-by-step

To get started, businesses need to organize their data in Amazon S3, define schemas using AWS Glue Data Catalog, and run queries using standard SQL. With native integration into AWS services, fine-grained IAM access controls, and a pay-per-query model, Athena makes it easy to unlock insights from raw data with minimal setup. It's ideal for teams needing quick, cost-effective analytics on logs, reports, or structured datasets.

Setting up AWS Athena is relatively straightforward, even for businesses with limited technical expertise:

1. Set up an AWS account

Set up an AWS account

To begin using Amazon Athena, an active AWS account is required. The user must ensure that Identity and Access Management (IAM) permissions are correctly configured. Specifically, the IAM role or user should have the necessary policies to access Athena, Amazon S3 (for data storage and query results), and AWS Glue (for managing metadata). 

It's recommended to attach managed policies like AmazonAthenaFullAccess, AmazonS3ReadOnlyAccess, and AWSGlueConsoleFullAccess or create custom policies with least-privilege principles tailored to the organization’s security needs. These permissions allow users to create databases, define tables, and execute queries securely within Athena.

2. Create an S3 bucket for data storage

Create an S3 bucket for data storage

Before running queries with Athena, data must reside in Amazon S3, as Athena is designed to analyze objects stored there directly. This setup step includes bucket creation, data upload, and optimization for query performance.

Navigate to the Amazon S3 console and click “Create bucket.”

  • Assign a globally unique name.
  • Choose a region close to the workloads or users for latency optimization.
  • Enable settings like versioning, encryption (e.g., SSE-S3 or SSE-KMS), and block public access if required.

Upload datasets in supported formats: Athena supports multiple formats, including CSV, JSON, Parquet, ORC, and Avro.

  • For better performance and lower cost, use columnar formats like Parquet or ORC. 
  • Store large datasets in compressed form to reduce data scanned per query.

Organize data into partitions: Structuring data into logical partitioned folders (e.g., s3://company-data/patient-records/year=2025/month=07/) enables Athena to prune unnecessary partitions during query execution.

This improves performance and significantly reduces query costs, as Athena only scans relevant subsets of data.

Set appropriate permissions: Ensure IAM roles or users have the necessary S3 permissions to list, read, and write objects in the bucket. Fine-grained access control improves security and limits access to authorized workloads only.

3. Set up AWS Glue Data catalog (optional)

Set up AWS Glue Data catalog (optional)

AWS Glue helps SMBs manage metadata and automate schema discovery for datasets stored in Amazon S3, making Athena queries more efficient and scalable.

  • The team creates a Glue database to store metadata about the S3 datasets.
  • A crawler is configured to scan the S3 bucket and automatically register tables with defined schemas.
  • Once cataloged, these tables appear in Athena, enabling immediate, structured SQL queries without manual schema setup.

4. Access AWS Athena console

Access AWS Athena console

Once the data is in Amazon S3 and cataloged (if applicable), the team navigates to the Amazon Athena console via the AWS Management Console.

  • They configure a query result location, specifying an S3 bucket where Athena will store the output of all executed queries.
  • This is a mandatory setup step, as Athena requires an S3 destination for query results before any SQL can be run.

5. Run the first query

Run the first query

With the environment configured, the team can begin querying data:

  • In the Athena console, they select the relevant database and table, automatically available if defined in AWS Glue.
  • They write a query using standard SQL to analyze data directly from Amazon S3.
  • On executing the query via “Run Query,” Athena scans the underlying data and returns the results in the console and the designated S3 output location.

6. Review and optimize queries

Review and optimize queries

As the team begins using Athena, it’s important to ensure queries remain efficient and cost-effective:

  • Implement partitioning on commonly filtered columns (e.g., date or region) to reduce the amount of data scanned.
  • Limit query scope by selecting only necessary columns and applying precise WHERE clauses to minimize data retrieval.
  • Use the Athena console to monitor query execution time, data scanned, and associated costs, enabling optimization and proactive cost control.

7. Explore advanced features (optional)

Once the foundational setup is complete, SMBs can begin using Amazon Athena’s more advanced capabilities:

  • Optimize with efficient data formats: Use columnar formats like Parquet or ORC to reduce scan size and improve query performance for large datasets.
  • Visualize with Amazon QuickSight: Connect Athena to Amazon QuickSight for interactive dashboards and business intelligence without moving data.
  • Run federated queries: Extend Athena’s reach by querying external data sources, such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, or on-prem databases—via federated connectors and AWS Lambda.

These features allow teams to scale their analytics capabilities while keeping operational overhead low.

struggling with slow data pipeline

Practical use cases for Amazon Athena in business operations

Practical use cases for Amazon Athena in business operations

Amazon Athena is more than a business tool. It is a practical engine for answering real business questions directly from raw data in S3, without the delays of setting up infrastructure or ETL pipelines. 

For SMBs, it offers a fast path from storage to insight, whether you’re analyzing patient records in healthcare, transaction logs in retail, or system logs in SaaS platforms. Because it speaks standard SQL and integrates natively with AWS Glue and QuickSight, teams can start querying within minutes, with no heavyweight setup, and no data wrangling bottlenecks.

1. Log analysis and monitoring

Amazon Athena is ideal for analyzing server logs and application logs stored in Amazon S3. It allows businesses to perform real-time analysis of logs without needing to set up complex infrastructure.

Example: A retail SMB collects logs from its web servers, tracking user activity and transaction details. Using Athena, the business can query logs to identify trends such as peak shopping hours or common search queries. This data helps the company optimize its website for better user engagement and targeted promotions.

2. Data warehousing and business intelligence

Amazon Athena can be used as a lightweight data warehousing solution, particularly for SMBs that do not require the heavy infrastructure of a full-scale data warehouse. It integrates easily with Amazon QuickSight to deliver business intelligence (BI) dashboards and reports.

Example: A small e-commerce business uses Athena to run SQL queries on sales data stored in Amazon S3. The results are then visualized in Amazon QuickSight to track key performance indicators (KPIs), such as daily sales, revenue per product, and customer acquisition rates, allowing the business to make data-driven decisions.

3. Ad-hoc data queries

For businesses that need to quickly analyze large datasets without the overhead of setting up and maintaining a dedicated analytics system, Athena provides an efficient and cost-effective solution.

Example: A small marketing firm has large datasets containing customer demographics and campaign performance metrics. With Athena, the firm can run ad-hoc queries to analyze customer behavior and assess the effectiveness of different marketing campaigns in real-time, without needing a permanent infrastructure.

4. Clickstream analysis

Athena is a popular tool for analyzing clickstream data, which helps businesses understand user behavior on websites or apps. By querying clickstream data in real-time, companies can optimize user experiences and improve conversion rates.

Example: A media company collects clickstream data that tracks how users interact with its online content. Using Athena, the company can quickly query this data to identify which articles or videos are most popular, what content leads to longer engagement, and where users drop off. This allows the company to tailor content strategies to improve user retention.

5. Data archiving and backup analysis

Businesses often archive large amounts of historical data that may not be frequently accessed but still need to be searchable. Athena makes it easy to query these archives to retrieve specific data when needed.

Example: A healthcare provider stores patient records and historical treatment data in S3. Though this data is rarely accessed, it still needs to be searchable in case of audits or legal requests. Athena allows the provider to run quick queries on archived data, retrieving necessary records without the need for time-consuming data retrieval processes.

Amazon Athena’s versatility makes it an excellent tool for a wide range of use cases, from log analysis to financial reporting. Its serverless nature and cost-effective pricing model ensure that even SMBs with limited technical resources can harness the power of data analytics without the need for complex infrastructure.

need help with cloud or data challenges

How does Cloudtech help SMBs benefit from Amazon Athena?

Deploying Amazon Athena effectively requires the right data architecture, schema management, and cost governance to ensure long-term value. That’s where Cloudtech comes in. As an AWS Advanced Tier Partner focused exclusively on SMBs, Cloudtech helps them harness Athena with a strategic, scalable approach tailored to real business needs.

Here’s how Cloudtech supports the Amazon Athena project:

  • Smart data lake setup: Cloudtech builds secure, well-partitioned data lakes on Amazon S3 and integrates AWS Glue for schema discovery, enabling faster, cost-efficient queries with minimal manual setup.
  • Query performance optimization: By implementing best practices like columnar formats (Parquet/ORC), partitioning, and bucket strategies, Cloudtech ensures that every Athena query is fast and budget-aware.
  • Secure, unified data access: Cloudtech configures federated queries across Amazon S3, on-prem, and third-party sources while enforcing fine-grained IAM policies, so teams can query broadly without compromising security.
  • Insights without the overhead: Cloudtech connects Athena to Amazon QuickSight or other BI tools, enabling business teams to explore data visually, without needing SQL or data engineering support.

Whether it is a healthcare provider analyzing claims data or a fintech firm building on-demand dashboards, Cloudtech ensures that Amazon Athena is implemented not just as a tool, but as a foundation for faster, smarter, and more secure decision-making.

Conclusion

Amazon Athena offers SMBs a powerful, serverless solution to analyze data directly from Amazon S3 using standard SQL, eliminating infrastructure complexities and reducing costs. Its fast performance and seamless integration with AWS services enable businesses to gain timely insights and make data-driven decisions efficiently. By following simple setup steps, SMBs can leverage Athena for diverse use cases, from log analysis to business intelligence, enhancing operational agility and scalability.

Cloudtech’s expertise in AWS infrastructure optimization and cloud modernization complements this approach by helping businesses streamline operations and maximize cloud investments.

Talk to our cloud experts or reach us on (332) 222 7090).

FAQs

1. How can AWS Athena help small and midsize businesses reduce their data analytics costs?

AWS Athena’s serverless, pay-per-query pricing model means SMBs only pay for the data they actually scan, eliminating upfront infrastructure costs and allowing flexible, cost-efficient analytics that scale with business needs.

2. What are the key steps for SMBs to start using Athena without a large IT team?

SMBs can quickly begin by setting up an AWS account, creating an S3 bucket for data storage, configuring IAM permissions, and using the Athena console or AWS Glue Data Catalog to define schemas and run SQL queries, all without managing servers.

3. What types of data formats does AWS Athena support for querying?

Athena supports a wide range of data formats including CSV, JSON, Apache Parquet, ORC, and Avro, enabling flexible querying of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data directly in Amazon S3.

4. Can Athena be integrated with other AWS services for enhanced analytics?

Yes, Athena integrates seamlessly with AWS Glue for metadata management, Amazon QuickSight for data visualization, and supports federated queries to access data across multiple sources, enhancing overall analytics capabilities.

5. How does Cloudtech assist SMBs in maximizing their AWS Athena deployment?

Cloudtech offers cloud modernization services including AWS infrastructure optimization, data management, and application modernization, helping businesses streamline Athena usage, improve scalability, enhance security, and control costs effectively.

With AWS, we’ve reduced our root cause analysis time by 80%, allowing us to focus on building better features instead of being bogged down by system failures.
Ashtutosh Yadav
Ashtutosh Yadav
Sr. Data Architect

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